Sperm DNA fragmentation: causes and identification.
Thais Rose Dos Santos HamiltonMayra Elena Ortiz D'Avila AssumpçãoPublished in: Zygote (Cambridge, England) (2019)
Sperm DNA fragmentation is referred to as one of the main causes of male infertility. Failures in the protamination process, apoptosis and action of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are considered the most important causes of DNA fragmentation. Action of ROS or changes in sperm protamination would increase the susceptibility of sperm DNA to fragmentation. Routine semen analysis is unable to estimate sperm chromatin damage. Sperm DNA integrity influences sperm functional capability, therefore tests that measure sperm DNA fragmentation are important to assess fertility disorders. Actually, there is a considerable number of methods for assessing sperm DNA fragmentation and chromatin integrity, sperm chromatin stability assay (SCSA modified), sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD), comet assay, transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL); and protamine evaluation in sperm chromatin assay, such as toluidine blue, CMA3, protamine expression and evaluation of cysteine radicals. This review aims to describe the main causes of sperm DNA fragmentation and the tests commonly used to evaluate sperm DNA fragmentation.
Keyphrases
- circulating tumor
- cell free
- single molecule
- dna damage
- gene expression
- reactive oxygen species
- transcription factor
- cell death
- oxidative stress
- type diabetes
- poor prognosis
- dna methylation
- cell proliferation
- signaling pathway
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- skeletal muscle
- adipose tissue
- long non coding rna
- living cells
- light emitting