CDDO, an Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Compound, Attenuates Vasospasm and Neuronal Cell Apoptosis in Rats Subjected to Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.
William WinardiYun-Ping LoHung-Pei TsaiYu-Hua HuangTzu-Ting TsengChia-Li ChungPublished in: Current issues in molecular biology (2024)
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a type of stroke caused by bleeding into the subarachnoid space. SAH is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment to prevent complications such as seizures, stroke, or other brain damage. Treatment options may include surgery, medication, or a combination of both. 2-Cyano-3,12-dioxoolean-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO), a compound with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, is currently being investigated as a potential treatment for various diseases, including chronic kidney disease and pulmonary arterial hypertension. In this study, the effects of CDDO on rats subjected to SAH were evaluated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups ( n = 6/group): (1) control group, (2) SAH group, (3) SAH + low-dose CDDO (10 mg/kg injected into the subarachnoid space at 24 h after SAH) group, and (4) SAH + high-dose CDDO (20 mg/kg) group. CDDO improved SAH-induced poor neurological outcomes and reduced vasospasm in the basal artery following SAH. It also decreased the SAH-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in both the cerebrospinal fluid and serum samples as determined by ELISA. A Western blot analysis confirmed an increase in the p-NF-κB protein level after SAH, but it was significantly decreased with CDDO intervention. Immunofluorescence staining highlighted the proliferation of microglia and astrocytes as well as apoptosis of the neuronal cells after SAH, and treatment with CDDO markedly reduced the proliferation of these glial cells and apoptosis of the neuronal cells. The early administration of CDDO after SAH may effectively mitigate neuronal apoptosis and vasospasm by suppressing inflammation.
Keyphrases
- subarachnoid hemorrhage
- cerebral ischemia
- cell cycle arrest
- oxidative stress
- brain injury
- induced apoptosis
- anti inflammatory
- low dose
- pulmonary arterial hypertension
- high dose
- cell death
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- signaling pathway
- chronic kidney disease
- pi k akt
- healthcare
- blood brain barrier
- diabetic rats
- atrial fibrillation
- rheumatoid arthritis
- emergency department
- cerebrospinal fluid
- poor prognosis
- minimally invasive
- public health
- endothelial cells
- white matter
- multiple sclerosis
- inflammatory response
- spinal cord
- adipose tissue
- metabolic syndrome
- end stage renal disease
- small molecule
- coronary artery
- skeletal muscle
- coronary artery bypass
- binding protein
- drug induced
- weight loss
- lps induced