Chemokine Dysregulation and Neuroinflammation in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review.
Evgeny A ErmakovIrina A MednovaAnastasiia S BoikoValentina N BunevaSvetlana A IvanovaPublished in: International journal of molecular sciences (2023)
Chemokines are known to be immunoregulatory proteins involved not only in lymphocyte chemotaxis to the site of inflammation, but also in neuromodulation, neurogenesis, and neurotransmission. Multiple lines of evidence suggest a peripheral proinflammatory state and neuroinflammation in at least a third of patients with schizophrenia. Therefore, chemokines can be active players in these processes. In this systematic review, we analyzed the available data on chemokine dysregulation in schizophrenia and the association of chemokines with neuroinflammation. It has been shown that there is a genetic association of chemokine and chemokine receptor gene polymorphisms in schizophrenia. Besides, the most reliable data confirmed by the results of meta-analyses showed an increase in CXCL8/IL-8, CCL2/MCP-1, CCL4/MIP-1β, CCL11/eotaxin-1 in the blood of patients with schizophrenia. An increase in CXCL8 has been found in cerebrospinal fluid, but other chemokines have been less well studied. Increased/decreased expression of genes of chemokine and their receptors have been found in different areas of the brain and peripheral immune cells. The peripheral proinflammatory state may influence the expression of chemokines since their expression is regulated by pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Mouse models have shown an association of schizophrenia with dysregulation of the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 and CXCL12-CXCR4 axes. Altogether, dysregulation in chemokine expression may contribute to neuroinflammation in schizophrenia. In conclusion, this evidence indicates the involvement of chemokines in the neurobiological processes associated with schizophrenia.
Keyphrases
- bipolar disorder
- poor prognosis
- systematic review
- meta analyses
- cerebral ischemia
- traumatic brain injury
- lipopolysaccharide induced
- lps induced
- binding protein
- cerebrospinal fluid
- electronic health record
- liver injury
- genome wide
- liver fibrosis
- oxidative stress
- big data
- mouse model
- machine learning
- multiple sclerosis
- inflammatory response
- white matter
- peripheral blood
- brain injury
- blood brain barrier
- artificial intelligence
- subarachnoid hemorrhage
- drug induced
- functional connectivity
- resting state