Environmental enrichment modulates inflammation during development in long-evans rats (Rattus norvegicus).

It is unknown whether increased production of pro-inflammatory mediators during the life span is caused by aging per se or via the combination of a cumulative allostatic load due to life challenges. This study aimed to investigate the long-term effects of stress and environmental enrichment on the inflammatory status associated with aging in rats. Animals were assigned to the following five treatment groups: chronic stress with and without environmental enrichment; acute stress with and without environmental enrichment; control animals. Enrichment was provided as an open field containing novel objects (30 min three times per week). Animals assigned to chronic stress groups were exposed to predator sound stressors (e.g., hawk sound) for 30 min daily, while animals assigned to acute stress groups were exposed once a week for 30 min. The interaction between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the immune system was investigated by measuring metabolized dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels and peripheral levels of the cytokines IL-6 and IL-10. Results suggested that inflamm-aging was more pronounced in animals with low DHEA levels, which in turn were affected by exposure to environmental enrichment and acute stress. This study showed that environmental enrichment and acute stress can significantly attenuate disruptions in DHEA production, consequently contributing to improved neuroimmune function of aging animals.