Real-time monitoring of riboflavin concentration using different clinically available ophthalmic formulations for epi-off and epi-on corneal cross-linking.

Real-time theranostic imaging provided an accurate strategy for assessing permeation of riboflavin into the human cornea during the imbibition phase of corneal cross-linking, regardless of delivery protocol. A large variability in corneal riboflavin concentration exists between clinically available ophthalmic formulations both in epi-off and epi-on delivery protocols.