Official recommendations for vitamin D through the life stages in developed countries.
Samantha M KimballMichael F HolickPublished in: European journal of clinical nutrition (2020)
Inadequate vitamin D nutritional status is prevalent worldwide and has been associated with autoimmune disorders, heart disease, deadly cancers, insulin resistance, inflammation, neurological disorders, adverse outcomes in pregnancy, and increased risk for mortality. Expert recommendations for vitamin D intake differ between governmental agencies and practice guidelines from medical societies due to differences in the definition of vitamin D deficiency, insufficiency and sufficiency based on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations. In addition, separate health promotion bodies also provide targeted recommendations for the prevention of specific disorders such as reducing risk for developing some cancers and autoimmune diseases. We review and provide perspectives regarding various recommendations from the Institute of Medicine (IOM, United States) and Health Canada, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN; United Kingdom), the World Health Organization, the Endocrine Society and other expert groups by life stage as a guide intended for clinician use.
Keyphrases
- clinical practice
- health promotion
- healthcare
- insulin resistance
- public health
- oxidative stress
- primary care
- type diabetes
- mental health
- physical activity
- pulmonary hypertension
- adipose tissue
- risk factors
- cardiovascular events
- cardiovascular disease
- high fat diet
- preterm birth
- skeletal muscle
- pregnant women
- young adults
- climate change
- pregnancy outcomes
- cross sectional
- risk assessment
- social media
- brain injury
- cerebral ischemia