Gastrointestinal Infections Modulate the Risk for Insulin Autoantibodies as the First-Appearing Autoantibody in the TEDDY Study.
Maria LönnrotKristian F LynchMarian RewersLernmark ÅkeKendra VehikBeena AkolkarWilliam HagopianJeffrey KrischerRickhard A McIndoeJorma ToppariAnette-Gabriele ZieglerJoseph F PetrosinoRichard LloydHeikki Hyötynull nullPublished in: Diabetes care (2023)
Bidirectional associations were observed. GIEs were associated with increased IAA risk when reported before 1 year of age or 12-23 months prior to IAA. Norwalk virus was identified as one possible candidate factor. GIEs reported during the 2nd year of life were associated with a decreased IAA risk.