Expert appraisal of criteria for assessing gaming disorder: an international Delphi study.
Jesús Castro-CalvoDaniel L KingDan J SteinMatthias BrandLior CarmiSamuel R ChamberlainZsolt DemetrovicsNaomi A FinebergHans-Jürgen RumpfMurat YücelSophia AchabAtul AmbekarNorharlina BaharAlexander BlaszczynskiHenrietta Bowden-JonesXavier CarbonellElda Mei Lo ChanChih-Hung KoPhilippe de TimaryMagali DufourMarie Grall-BronnecHae Kook LeeSusumu HiguchiSusana Jiménez MurciaOrsolya KirályDaria J KussJiang LongAstrid MüllerStefano PallantiMarc N PotenzaAfarin Rahimi-MovagharJohn B SaundersAdriano SchimmentiSeung-Yup LeeKristiana SisteDaniel T SpritzerVladan StarcevicAviv M WeinsteinKlaus WölflingBillieux JoëlPublished in: Addiction (Abingdon, England) (2021)
This Delphi survey provides a foundation for identifying the most diagnostically valid and clinically useful criteria for GD. There was expert agreement that some DSM-5 criteria were not clinically relevant and may pathologize non-problematic patterns of gaming, whereas ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines are likely to diagnose GD adequately and avoid pathologizing.
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