Nimbolide Represses the Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion of Bladder Carcinoma Cells via Chk2-Mediated G2/M Phase Cell Cycle Arrest, Altered Signaling Pathways, and Reduced Transcription Factors-Associated MMP-9 Expression.
Seung-Shick ShinByungdoo HwangKashif MuhammadYujeong GhoJun-Hui SongWun-Jae KimGonhyung KimSung-Kwon MoonPublished in: Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM (2019)
Nimbolide, an active chemical constituent of Azadirachta indica, reportedly has several physiological effects. Here, we assessed novel anticancer effects of nimbolide against bladder cancer EJ and 5637 cells. Nimbolide treatment inhibited the proliferation of both bladder cancer cell lines with an IC50 value of 3 μM. Treatment of cells with nimbolide induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest via both Chk2-Cdc25C-Cdc2/cyclin B1-Wee1 pathway and Chk2-p21WAF1-Cdc2/cyclin B1-Wee1 pathway. Nimbolide increased JNK phosphorylation and decreased p38MAPK and AKT phosphorylation. Additionally, nimbolide impeded both wound healing migration and invasion abilities by suppressing matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity. Finally, nimbolide repressed the binding activity of NF-κB, Sp-1, and AP-1 motifs, which are key transcription factors for MMP-9 activity regulation. Overall, our study indicates that nimbolide is a potential chemotherapeutic agent for bladder cancer.
Keyphrases
- cell cycle arrest
- pi k akt
- signaling pathway
- cell death
- induced apoptosis
- transcription factor
- cell proliferation
- cell cycle
- epithelial mesenchymal transition
- oxidative stress
- poor prognosis
- wound healing
- spinal cord injury
- immune response
- cell migration
- dna damage
- high glucose
- climate change
- endothelial cells
- lps induced