Antioxidant and Wound Healing Potential of Vitis vinifera Seeds Supported by Phytochemical Characterization and Docking Studies.

This study explored the in vivo wound healing potential of Vitis vinifera seed extract using an excision wound model with focus on wound healing molecular targets including TGFBR1, VEGF, TNF- α , and IL-1 β . The wound healing results revealed that V. vinifera seed extract enhanced wound closure rates ( p < 0.001), elevated TGF- β and VEGF levels, and significantly downregulated TNF- α and IL-1 β levels in comparison to the Mebo ® -treated group. The phenotypical results were supported by biochemical and histopathological findings. Phytochemical investigation yielded a total of 36 compounds including twenty-seven compounds ( 1 - 27 ) identified from seed oil using GC-MS analysis, along with nine isolated compounds. Among the isolated compounds, one new benzofuran dimer ( 28 ) along with eight known ones ( 29 - 36 ) were identified. The structure of new compound was elucidated utilizing 1D/2D NMR, with HRESIMS analyses. Moreover, molecular docking experiments were performed to elucidate the molecular targets (TNF- α , TGFBR1, and IL-1 β ) of the observed wound healing activity. Additionally, the in vitro antioxidant activity of V. vinifera seed extract along with two isolated compounds (ursolic acid 34 , and β -sitosterol-3- O -glucopyranoside 36 ) were explored. Our study highlights the potential of V. vinifera seed extract in wound repair uncovering the most probable mechanisms of action using in silico analysis.