Development and clinical deployment of a smartphone-based visual field deep learning system for glaucoma detection.
Fei LiDiping SongHan ChenJian XiongXingyi LiHua ZhongGuangxian TangSujie FanDennis Shun-Chiu LamWeihua PanYajuan ZhengYing LiGuoxiang QuJunjun HeZhe WangLing JinRouxi ZhouYunhe SongYi SunWeijing ChengChunman YangYazhi FanYingjie LiHengli ZhangYe YuanYang XuYunfan XiongLingfei JinAiguo LvLingzhi NiuYuhong LiuShaoli LiJiani ZhangLinda M ZangwillAlejandro F FrangiTin AungChing-Yu ChengYu QiaoXiulan ZhangDaniel Shu Wei TingPublished in: NPJ digital medicine (2020)
By 2040, ~100 million people will have glaucoma. To date, there are a lack of high-efficiency glaucoma diagnostic tools based on visual fields (VFs). Herein, we develop and evaluate the performance of 'iGlaucoma', a smartphone application-based deep learning system (DLS) in detecting glaucomatous VF changes. A total of 1,614,808 data points of 10,784 VFs (5542 patients) from seven centers in China were included in this study, divided over two phases. In Phase I, 1,581,060 data points from 10,135 VFs of 5105 patients were included to train (8424 VFs), validate (598 VFs) and test (3 independent test sets-200, 406, 507 samples) the diagnostic performance of the DLS. In Phase II, using the same DLS, iGlaucoma cloud-based application further tested on 33,748 data points from 649 VFs of 437 patients from three glaucoma clinics. With reference to three experienced expert glaucomatologists, the diagnostic performance (area under curve [AUC], sensitivity and specificity) of the DLS and six ophthalmologists were evaluated in detecting glaucoma. In Phase I, the DLS outperformed all six ophthalmologists in the three test sets (AUC of 0.834-0.877, with a sensitivity of 0.831-0.922 and a specificity of 0.676-0.709). In Phase II, iGlaucoma had 0.99 accuracy in recognizing different patterns in pattern deviation probability plots region, with corresponding AUC, sensitivity and specificity of 0.966 (0.953-0.979), 0.954 (0.930-0.977), and 0.873 (0.838-0.908), respectively. The 'iGlaucoma' is a clinically effective glaucoma diagnostic tool to detect glaucoma from humphrey VFs, although the target population will need to be carefully identified with glaucoma expertise input.
Keyphrases
- end stage renal disease
- phase ii
- deep learning
- optic nerve
- ejection fraction
- newly diagnosed
- clinical trial
- chronic kidney disease
- peritoneal dialysis
- prognostic factors
- high efficiency
- randomized controlled trial
- patient reported outcomes
- electronic health record
- machine learning
- cataract surgery
- mass spectrometry
- study protocol
- convolutional neural network
- label free