Assessing the effects of cyclosporine A on the osteoblastogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, and angiogenesis mediated by human periodontal ligament stem cells.

CsA enhanced the osteogenic differentiation and reduced angiogenesis by blocking the ERK and p38/c-fos pathway in hPDLSCs. It is necessary to confirm whether this phenomenon is also observed in vivo in subsequent animal experiments.