Bmp Signaling Regulates Hand1 in a Dose-Dependent Manner during Heart Development.
Mingjie ZhengShannon ErhardtDi AiJun WangPublished in: International journal of molecular sciences (2021)
The bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling pathway and the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor Hand1 are known key regulators of cardiac development. In this study, we investigated the Bmp signaling regulation of Hand1 during cardiac outflow tract (OFT) development. In Bmp2 and Bmp4loss-of-function embryos with varying levels of Bmp in the heart, Hand1 is sensitively decreased in response to the dose of Bmp expression. In contrast, Hand1 in the heart is dramatically increased in Bmp4 gain-of-function embryos. We further identified and characterized the Bmp/Smad regulatory elements in Hand1. Combined transfection assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments indicated that Hand1 is directly activated and bound by Smads. In addition, we found that upon the treatment of Bmp2 and Bmp4, P19 cells induced Hand1 expression and favored cardiac differentiation. Together, our data indicated that the Bmp signaling pathway directly regulates Hand1 expression in a dose-dependent manner during heart development.
Keyphrases
- mesenchymal stem cells
- transcription factor
- bone regeneration
- signaling pathway
- heart failure
- poor prognosis
- left ventricular
- induced apoptosis
- gene expression
- magnetic resonance
- high throughput
- machine learning
- dna binding
- mass spectrometry
- dna methylation
- long non coding rna
- high resolution
- smoking cessation
- artificial intelligence