Ethical considerations for nurse practitioners conducting research in populations with opioid use disorder.

People with opioid use disorder (OUD) are a vulnerable population who face unique risks of harm when participating in research. Despite a long-standing dialogue, written research codes of ethics, and institutional review board oversight for the conduct of ethical research in vulnerable populations, protections for study populations with OUD is rarely mentioned. Nurse practitioners who conduct research using participants with OUD, especially when recruiting their own patients (i.e., dual role), must be aware of the unique ethical considerations necessary to protect their patients and participants from increased risks. This article explores vulnerabilities and influences that can affect participant recruitment and consent, imbalances in the distribution of risk and benefits to participants participating in research, and the concerns of coercions, undue influence, and unjustifiable pressure contributing to vulnerabilities. Strategies to reduce the risks of influences that are of concern in the vulnerable population of research participants with opioid disorder are suggested. The goal of this article was to raise awareness of the unique potential risks of harm when using people with OUD as research participants and to explore strategies to minimize potential risks of various levels of influence in this vulnerable population.