Exploring the nature of the clopidogrel-bromocresol green interaction via spectrophotometric measurements and quantum chemical calculations.
Sabrein H MohamedAlyaa I MagdyAshour A AhmedPublished in: RSC advances (2018)
Clopidogrel is an oral, thienopyridine class antiplatelet agent used to inhibit blood clots in coronary arteries, peripheral vascular and cerebrovascular diseases. A spectrophotometric method was developed for clopidogrel bisulfate (CLOP·H 2 SO 4 ) determination using bromocresol green (BCG) as an ion-pairing agent. To explore the binding nature of CLOP·H 2 SO 4 with BCG at a molecular level, quantum chemical calculations have been performed. DFT based full geometry optimization has been carried out for BCG and clopidogrel in basic (CLOP) and protonated (CLOP + ) forms as well as for BCG ion-pairs with CLOP and CLOP·H 2 SO 4 . The DFT calculations referred to the stability of the BCG-CLOP + ion-pair and its spontaneous formation reaction from BCG and CLOP·H 2 SO 4 compared to the BCG-CLOP-ion-pair. Furthermore, the UV-visible spectra and their corresponding excited states and electronic transitions for BCG, BCG-CLOP + ion-pair, and BCG-CLOP ion-pair have been investigated. These spectra provided a molecular level understanding of the nature of the different intra-molecular and intermolecular electronic transitions in the BCG ion-pairs with CLOP + . Moreover, the quantitative analysis based on extracting a yellow-formed ion-pair into chloroform from aqueous medium was carried out. The ion-pair exhibits an absorption maximum at 413 nm. The optimum conditions of the reactions were studied experimentally and optimized. The calibration graph shows that CLOP·H 2 SO 4 can be determined up to 100.0 μg mL -1 with detection limit (LOD) of 0.57 μg mL -1 and quantification limit (LOQ) of 1.86 μg mL -1 . The low relative standard deviation values, 0.16-1.16, indicate good precision. The results were compared to other published data and were treated statistically using F and t -tests.
Keyphrases
- density functional theory
- acute coronary syndrome
- molecular dynamics
- percutaneous coronary intervention
- coronary artery
- coronary artery disease
- molecular dynamics simulations
- machine learning
- randomized controlled trial
- simultaneous determination
- photodynamic therapy
- high resolution
- molecular docking
- deep learning
- single molecule
- artificial intelligence
- convolutional neural network
- low cost
- tandem mass spectrometry
- quantum dots
- liquid chromatography