Surface engineered nanodiamonds: mechanistic intervention in biomedical applications for diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

In terms of biomedical tools, nanodiamond (ND) is a more recent innovation. Their size ranged from 4 to 100 nm. ND is produced via a variety of methods and is known for its physical toughness, durability, and chemical stability. The study revealed that surface modifications and functionalization have a significant influence on the optical and electrical properties of the nanomaterial. ND's surface functional groups have applications in a variety of domains, including drug administration, gene delivery, immunotherapy for cancer treatment, and bio-imaging to diagnose cancer. The biocompatibility of a material is critical for in vivo and in vitro interventions. This review focuses on recent advances in the methods of ND synthesis and ND-assisted drug delivery, moving through studies in cellular and animal models and bio-imaging for other biomedical applications. Furthermore, the prognosis of its clinical translation is being studied.