Aplastic anemia is a syndrome characterized by reduced hematopoietic stem cells, bone marrow hypoplasia, and pancytopenia, and is often considered a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease. It is predominantly treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and immunosuppressive therapy with anti-human thymocyte immunoglobulin (ATG) and cyclosporine. Only rabbit ATG was previously available in Japan, but equine ATG was recently approved for use in 2023. Thrombopoietin receptor agonists available in Japan are oral eltrombopag and injectable romiplostim. In hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for aplastic anemia, a conditioning regimen of reduced-dose cyclophosphamide and fludarabine has been used to reduce cardiotoxicity. Human leukocyte antigen haploidentical stem cell transplants have also been developed, and their use in patients without a donor is increasingly reported. Future advancements in novel drugs and transplantation therapies could revolutionize the management of aplastic anemia.
Keyphrases
- stem cells
- chronic kidney disease
- bone marrow
- end stage renal disease
- iron deficiency
- allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
- endothelial cells
- acute myeloid leukemia
- newly diagnosed
- induced pluripotent stem cells
- cell therapy
- mesenchymal stem cells
- pluripotent stem cells
- multiple sclerosis
- peripheral blood
- low dose
- high dose
- prognostic factors
- stem cell transplantation
- patient reported outcomes
- case report
- combination therapy
- recombinant human