An integrated Monte Carlo track-structure simulation framework for modeling inter and intra-track effects on homogenous chemistry.

The TOPAS-nBio Monte Carlo track structure simulation code, a wrapper of Geant4-DNA, was extended for its use in pulsed and longtime homogeneous chemistry simulations using the Gillespie algorithm.
Approach: Three different tests were used to assess the reliability of the implementation and its ability to accurately reproduce published experimental results: (1) A simple model with a known analytical solution, (2) the temporal evolution of chemical yields during the homogeneous chemistry stage, and (3) radiolysis simulations conducted in pure water with dissolved oxygen at concentrations ranging from 10 µM to 1 mM with [H2O2] yields calculated for 100 MeV protons at conventional and FLASH dose rates of 0.286 Gy/s and 500 Gy/s, respectively. Simulated chemical yield results were compared closely with data calculated using the Kinetiscope software which also employs the Gillespie algorithm.
Main results: Validation results in the third test agreed with experimental data of similar dose rates and oxygen concentrations within one standard deviation, with a maximum of 1% difference for both conventional and FLASH dose rates. In conclusion, the new implementation of TOPAS-nBio for the homogeneous long time chemistry simulation was capable of recreating the chemical evolution of the reactive intermediates that follow water radiolysis. 
Significance: Thus, TOPAS-nBio provides a reliable all-in-one chemistry simulation of the physical, physico-chemical, non-homogeneous, and homogeneous chemistry and could be of use for the study of FLASH dose rate effects on radiation chemistry.