Apoptotic effects of cigarette smoke extracts on mouse embryonic stem cells via oxidative stress.
Cho-Won KimRyeo-Eun GoKyung-A HwangEui-Bae JeungSeong-Jin ChoiKyung-Chul ChoiPublished in: Environmental toxicology (2019)
Previous studies have reported that cigarette smoke and cigarette smoke extract (CSE) have negative effects on embryonic development. However, no studies have investigated the mechanism through which CSE affects the cellular signaling pathway leading to apoptosis and oxidative stress in embryonic cells, or how the two pathways are cross-linked. Thus, we studied the effects of CSE on apoptosis and oxidative stress in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Specifically, we measured changes in cell viability in response to CSEs (3R4F and two domestic cigarettes CSE 1 and 2) using a water soluble tetrazolium (WST) assay and a neutral red uptake (NRU) assay, which revealed that cell viability decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. Western blot analysis revealed that the expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin E1 was decreased and that of p21 and p27 was increased by CSE. Additionally, the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TUNEL)-stained cells was increased by CSE, while the levels of Bax and Caspase-3 increased and Bcl-2 decreased. Moreover, a 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCF-DA) assay and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-Glo H2 O2 assay confirmed that ROS were generated in response to CSE and that they were associated with up-regulated Keaf-1 and CHOP. Overall, the results revealed that cigarette smoke extract (CSE) inhibited cell proliferation by regulating cell cycle-related protein expression and increased oxidative stress by regulating the expression of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap-1) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), resulting in apoptosis in mESCs.
Keyphrases
- oxidative stress
- induced apoptosis
- cell cycle arrest
- cell cycle
- cell death
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- dna damage
- binding protein
- embryonic stem cells
- cell proliferation
- pi k akt
- reactive oxygen species
- signaling pathway
- diabetic rats
- ischemia reperfusion injury
- high throughput
- poor prognosis
- water soluble
- diffuse large b cell lymphoma
- single cell
- smoking cessation
- case control
- heat stress
- amino acid
- mass spectrometry