Microgel Encapsulated Nanoparticles for Intra-articular Disulfiram Delivery to Treat Osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis (OA) affects numerous patients worldwide, and there are no approved disease-modifying drugs. Repurposing FDA-approved small molecular drugs could be a promising alternative strategy to treat OA. Disulfiram (DSF), a clinically approved drug for treatment of alcoholism, inhibits inflammasome activation and exhibits a protective role in interleukin-1β-induced cardiac injury. However, its efficacy in treating OA remains to be explored due to its poor water solubility and stability, which limit its use in OA treatment. Here, the anti-inflammatory effect of DSF is evaluated in vitro, and a double-layer encapsulation approach is developed for intra-articular delivery of DSF for OA treatment in vivo . DSF is loaded into poly(lactic- co -glycolic acid)-based nanoparticles and encapsulated in gelatin methacrylate microgels through a microfluidic device. Results show that DSF effectively inhibits the expression of key inflammatory cytokines in OA chondrocytes, and the double-layer encapsulation approach reduces the burst release of DSF and prolongs its retention time in the in vitro study. Sustained release of DSF from microgels mitigates cartilage inflammation and subchondral bone erosion in a monoiodoacetate-induced rat OA model. This work demonstrates the potential of repurposing FDA-approved drugs for OA treatment and provides a promising platform for intra-articular delivery of small molecules for superior therapeutic effect.