Determining in which pre-arthritis stage HLA-shared epitope alleles and smoking exert their effect on the development of rheumatoid arthritis.
Fenne WoutersMarc P MauritsLaurette van BoheemenMarloes VerstappenKulveer MankiaXanthe Marijn Edmée MatthijssenAnnemarie L DorjéePaul EmeryRachel KnevelDirkjan van SchaardenburgRené E M ToesAnnette H M van der Helm van MilPublished in: Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2021)
HLA-SE and smoking act at different stages: smoking confers risk for ACPA and symptom development, whereas HLA-SE mediates symptom and IA development. These data enhance the understanding of the timing of the key risk factors in the development of RA.