Impact of brief self-affirmation manipulations on university students' reactions to risk information about binge drinking.

While the three self-affirmation manipulations were found to be self-affirming, they failed to impact on measures of message processing, message acceptance, or subsequent behaviour. The findings concur with previous research that questions the use of self-affirmation to reduce alcohol consumption in university students. Current self-affirmation manipulations may not be strong enough to overcome defensive processing of health-risk messages about alcohol in students and/or prime social goals that are related to the domain under threat (i.e., alcohol consumption), thereby nullifying any positive self-affirmation effects. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Health-risk messages to reduce alcohol consumption (e.g., binge drinking) in university students may fail due to defensive processing (e.g., message derogation). Self-affirmation has been proposed as a technique to bolster one's self-integrity and promote open-minded processing of health-risk messages. Most previous studies that have presented health-risk messages about alcohol to university students have used a values essay to self-affirm participants with equivocal results. What does this study add? There are few studies that have directly compared different self-affirmation manipulations. All three self-affirmation manipulations were found by participants to be self-affirming, consistent with the idea that there are multiple ways individuals can self-affirm, but had no significant effects on message processing, message acceptance, or behaviour. Self-affirmation manipulations may lead individuals to reflect on interpersonal values that are related to alcohol consumption in students and may therefore prime the very cognitions and behaviour that they seek to reduce.