Discovery of a Hybrid Molecule with Phytotoxic Activity by Genome Mining, Heterologous Expression, and OSMAC Strategy.

Genome mining in association with the OSMAC (one strain, many compounds) approach provides a feasible strategy to extend the chemical diversity and novelty of natural products. In this study, we identified the biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) of restricticin, a promising antifungal agent featuring a reactive primary amine, from the fungus Aspergillus sclerotiorum LZDX-33-4 by genome mining. Combining heterologous expression and the OSMAC strategy resulted in the production of a new hybrid product ( 1 ), along with N -acetyl-restricticin ( 2 ) and restricticinol ( 3 ). The structure of 1 was determined by spectroscopic data, including optical rotation and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, for configurational assignment. Compound 1 represents a fusion of restricticin and phytotoxic cichorin. The biosynthetic pathway of 1 was proposed, in which the condensation of a primary amine of restricticin with a precursor of cichorine was postulated. Compound 1 at 5 mM concentration inhibited the growth of the shoots and roots of Lolium perenne , Festuca arundinacea , and Lactuca sativa with inhibitory rates of 71.3 and 88.7% for L. perenne , 79.4 and 73.0% for F. arundinacea , and 58.2 and 52.9% for L. sativa. In addition, compound 1 at 25 μg/mL showed moderate antifungal activity against Fusarium fujikuroi and Trichoderma harzianum with inhibition rates of 22.6 and 31.6%, respectively. These results suggest that heterologous expression in conjunction with the OSMAC approach provides a promising strategy to extend the metabolite novelty due to the incorporation of endogenous metabolites from the host strain with exogenous compounds, leading to the production of more complex compounds and the acquisition of new physiological functions.