Descending control and regulation of spontaneous flight turns in Drosophila .

The clumped distribution of resources in the world has influenced the pattern of foraging behavior since the origins of life, selecting for a common locomotor search motif in which straight movements through resource-poor regions alternate with zig-zag exploration in resource-rich domains (Berg, 2000) . For example, flies execute rapid changes in flight heading called body saccades during local search (Censi et al., 2013; Collett and Land, 1975; Schilstra and van Hateren, 1999; Wagner and Land, 1986) , but suppress these turns during long-distance dispersal (Giraldo et al., 2018; Leitch et al., 2021) or when surging upwind after encountering an attractive odor plume (Budick and Dickinson, 2006; van Breugel and Dickinson, 2014) . Here, we describe the key cellular components of a neural network in flies that generates spontaneous turns as well as a specialized neuron that inhibits the network to promote straight flight. Using 2-photon imaging, optogenetic activation, and genetic ablation, we show that only four descending neurons appear sufficient to generate the descending commands to execute flight saccades. The network is organized into two functional couplets-one for right turns and one for left-with each couplet consisting of an excitatory (DNae014) and inhibitory (DNb01) neuron that project to the flight motor neuropil within the ventral nerve cord. Using resources from recently published connectomes of the fly brain (Scheffer et al., 2020; Schlegel et al., 2023) , we identified a large, unique interneuron (VES041) that forms inhibitory connections to all four saccade command neurons and created specific genetic driver lines for this cell. As predicted by its connectivity, activation of VES041 strongly suppresses saccades, suggesting that it regulates the transition between local search and long-distance dispersal. These results thus identify the critical elements of a network that not only structures the locomotor behavior of flies, but may also play a crucial role in their foraging ecology.