Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the Oat ( Avena sativa L.) WRKY Transcription Factor Family.

The WRKY family is widely involved in the regulation of plant growth and stress response and is one of the largest gene families related to plant environmental adaptation. However, no systematic studies on the WRKY family in oat ( Avena sativa L.) have been conducted to date. The recently published complete genome sequence of oat enables the systematic analysis of the AsWRKYs. Based on a genome-wide study of oat, we identified 162 AsWRKYs that were unevenly distributed across 21 chromosomes; a phylogenetic tree of WRKY domains divided these genes into three groups (I, II, and III). We also analyzed the gene duplication events and identified a total of 111 gene pairs that showed strong purifying selection during the evolutionary process. Surprisingly, almost all genes evolved after the completion of subgenomic differentiation of hexaploid oat. Further studies on the functional analysis indicated that AsWRKYs were widely involved in various biological processes. Notably, expression patterns of 16 AsWRKY genes revealed that the response of AsWRKYs were affected by stress level and time. In conclusion, this study provides a reference for further analysis of the role of WRKY transcription factors in species evolution and functional differentiation.