S100a9 inhibits Atg9a transcription and participates in suppression of autophagy in cardiomyocytes induced by β 1 -adrenoceptor autoantibodies.

-AAs increased S100a9 expression in cardiomyocytes and that S100a9 interacted with HIF-1α, which prevented HIF-1α from entering the nucleus normally, thus inhibiting the transcription of Atg9a. This resulted in autophagy inhibition and cardiac dysfunction.