The multifaceted life of macrophages in white adipose tissue: Immune shift couples with metabolic switch.
Qun WangSean M HartigChristie M BallantyneHuaizhu WuPublished in: Immunological reviews (2024)
White adipose tissue (WAT) is a vital endocrine organ that regulates energy balance and metabolic homeostasis. In addition to fat cells, WAT harbors macrophages with distinct phenotypes that play crucial roles in immunity and metabolism. Nutrient demands cause macrophages to accumulate in WAT niches, where they remodel the microenvironment and produce beneficial or detrimental effects on systemic metabolism. Given the abundance of macrophages in WAT, this review summarizes the heterogeneity of WAT macrophages in physiological and pathological conditions, including their alterations in quantity, phenotypes, characteristics, and functions during WAT growth and development, as well as healthy or unhealthy expansion. We will discuss the interactions of macrophages with other cell partners in WAT including adipose stem cells, adipocytes, and T cells in the context of various microenvironment niches in lean or obese condition. Finally, we highlight how adipose tissue macrophages merge immunity and metabolic changes to govern energy balance for the organism.
Keyphrases
- adipose tissue
- stem cells
- insulin resistance
- high fat diet
- single cell
- type diabetes
- induced apoptosis
- cell therapy
- oxidative stress
- cell death
- weight loss
- fatty acid
- cell cycle arrest
- hepatitis c virus
- postmenopausal women
- bone mineral density
- microbial community
- men who have sex with men
- hiv testing
- wastewater treatment