Immune dysfunction revealed by digital spatial profiling of immuno-oncology markers in progressive stages of renal cell carcinoma and in brain metastases.

Compared with primary tumors, RCC metastases, including brain metastases, express lower levels of numerous markers of immune activation and current or investigational therapeutic targets. Our findings may have important implications for designing future biomarker and treatment studies and may aid in development of brain metastases-specific therapies.