Oxidative Stress, Cytotoxic and Inflammatory Effects of Azoles Combinatorial Mixtures in Sertoli TM4 Cells.
Sabrina PetriccaVeronica CarnicelliCarla LuziBenedetta CinqueGiuseppe CelenzaRoberto IorioPublished in: Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) (2023)
Triazole and imidazole fungicides are an emerging class of contaminants with an increasing and ubiquitous presence in the environment. In mammals, their reproductive toxicity has been reported. Concerning male reproduction, a combinatorial activity of tebuconazole (TEB; triazole fungicide) and econazole (ECO; imidazole compound) in inducing mitochondrial impairment, energy depletion, cell cycle arrest, and the sequential activation of autophagy and apoptosis in Sertoli TM4 cells (SCs) has recently been demonstrated. Given the strict relationship between mitochondrial activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the causative role of oxidative stress (OS) in male reproductive dysfunction, the individual and combined potential of TEB and ECO in inducing redox status alterations and OS was investigated. Furthermore, considering the impact of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in modulating male fertility, protein expression levels were assessed. In the present study, we demonstrate that azoles-induced cytotoxicity is associated with a significant increase in ROS production, a drastic reduction in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and GSH-S-transferase activity levels, and a marked increase in the levels of oxidized (GSSG) glutathione. Exposure to azoles also induced COX-2 expression and increased TNF-α production. Furthermore, pre-treatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) mitigates ROS accumulation, attenuates COX-2 expression and TNF-α production, and rescues SCs from azole-induced apoptosis, suggesting a ROS-dependent molecular mechanism underlying the azole-induced cytotoxicity.
Keyphrases
- oxidative stress
- induced apoptosis
- diabetic rats
- cell cycle arrest
- cell death
- dna damage
- reactive oxygen species
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- rheumatoid arthritis
- ischemia reperfusion injury
- signaling pathway
- high glucose
- poor prognosis
- pi k akt
- nitric oxide
- climate change
- cell proliferation
- candida albicans
- high resolution
- drinking water
- endothelial cells
- radiation therapy
- nitric oxide synthase
- radiation induced
- heat shock
- ionic liquid
- smoking cessation