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Pitfalls in measurements of R 1 relaxation rates of protein backbone 15 N nuclei.

Vladlena KharchenkoSamah Al-HarthiAndrzej EjchartŁukasz Jaremko
Published in: Journal of biomolecular NMR (2024)
The dynamics of the backbone and side-chains of protein are routinely studied by interpreting experimentally determined 15 N spin relaxation rates. R 1 ( 15 N), the longitudinal relaxation rate, reports on fast motions and encodes, together with the transverse relaxation R 2 , structural information about the shape of the molecule and the orientation of the amide bond vectors in the internal diffusion frame. Determining error-free 15 N longitudinal relaxation rates remains a challenge for small, disordered, and medium-sized proteins. Here, we show that mono-exponential fitting is sufficient, with no statistical preference for bi-exponential fitting up to 800 MHz. A detailed comparison of the TROSY and HSQC techniques at medium and high fields showed no statistically significant differences. The least error-prone DD/CSA interference removal technique is the selective inversion of amide signals while avoiding water resonance. The exchange of amide with solvent deuterons appears to affect the rate R 1 of solvent-exposed amides in all fields tested and in each DD/CSA interference removal technique in a statistically significant manner. In summary, the most accurate R 1 ( 15 N) rates in proteins are achieved by selective amide inversion, without the addition of D 2 O. Importantly, at high magnetic fields stronger than 800 MHz, when non-mono-exponential decay is involved, it is advisable to consider elimination of the shortest delays (typically up to 0.32 s) or bi-exponential fitting.
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