CD44 Expression in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC) Correlates with Tumor Grade and Patient Survival and Is Affected by Gene Methylation.
Anastasios D PapanastasiouStavros PeroukidisChaido SirinianElisavet ArkoumaniDimitrios ChaniotisAdamantia Zizi-SermpetzoglouPublished in: Genes (2024)
Clear cell RCC (ccRCC) represents the most common type of kidney cancer, with surgery being the only potential curative treatment. Almost one-third of ccRCC patients relapse either locally or as cases of distant metastases. Several biomarkers have been employed in order to separate ccRCC patients with better prognosis or to predict treatment outcomes, with limited results. CD44 is a membrane glycoprotein with multiple roles in normal development but also cancer. Recently, the CD44 standard isoform has been implicated in tumor progression and the metastasis cascade through microenvironment interactions. Here, through CD44 immunohistochemical staining of ccRCC patient samples and TCGA data analysis, we sought to elucidate the expression patterns (mRNA and protein) of CD44 in clear cell RCC and correlate its expression with clinicopathological parameters. We were able to show that CD44 expression presents a positive association with tumor grade and overall survival, predicting a worse patient outcome in ccRCC. In addition, our data indicate that the CD44 mRNA upregulation can be attributed to reduced gene methylation, implicating epigenetic gene regulation in ccRCC development and progression.
Keyphrases
- poor prognosis
- nk cells
- dna methylation
- binding protein
- genome wide
- data analysis
- case report
- end stage renal disease
- long non coding rna
- stem cells
- newly diagnosed
- gene expression
- clear cell
- signaling pathway
- chronic kidney disease
- risk assessment
- lymph node
- minimally invasive
- squamous cell carcinoma
- renal cell carcinoma
- cell proliferation
- prognostic factors
- acute coronary syndrome
- atrial fibrillation
- electronic health record
- peritoneal dialysis
- squamous cell
- patient reported outcomes
- coronary artery bypass