Human gut bacteria tailor extracellular vesicle cargo for the breakdown of diet- and host-derived glycans.

Extracellular vesicles (EV) are produced in all three domains of life, and their biogenesis have common ancient origins in eukaryotes and archaea. Although bacterial vesicles were discovered several decades ago and multiple roles have been attributed to them, no mechanism has been established for vesicles biogenesis in bacteria. For this reason, there is a significant level of skepticism about the biological relevance of bacterial vesicles. In Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron ( Bt ), a prominent member of the human intestinal microbiota, outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) have been proposed to play key physiological roles. By employing outer membrane- and OMV-specific markers fused to fluorescent proteins we visualized OMV biogenesis in live-cells. We performed comparative proteomic analyses to demonstrate that Bt actively tailors its vesicle cargo to optimize the breakdown of diet- and host-derived complex glycans. Surprisingly, our data suggests that OMV are not employed for mucin degradation. We also show that, in Bt , a negatively-charged N-terminal motif acts as a signal for protein sorting into OMVs irrespective of the nutrient availability. We conclude that OMVs are the result of an exquisitely orchestrated mechanism. This work lays the foundation for further investigations into the physiological relevance of OMVs and their roles in gut homeostasis. Furthermore, our work constitutes a roadmap to guide EV biogenesis research in other bacteria.