Long non-coding RNA and circular RNA: new perspectives for molecular pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation.

Many studies have demonstrated the association of atrial fibrillation (AF) with endogenous genetic regulatory mechanisms. These interactions could advance the understanding of the AF pathophysiological process, supporting the search for early biomarkers to improve diagnosis and disease monitoring. Among the endogenous genetic regulatory mechanisms, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) have gained special attention, and studies have demonstrated their involvement in AF development and other AF-related diseases such as coronary artery disease and cardiomyopathy. This review describes the main experimental results reported by studies that analyzed the expression of lncRNAs and circRNAs in AF associated with miRNA or mRNA. The search was conducted in PubMed public database using the terms "lncRNA and atrial fibrillation" or "long ncRNA and atrial fibrillation" or "long non-coding RNA and atrial fibrillation" or "circular RNA and atrial fibrillation" or "circRNA and atrial fibrillation". There was no overlapping of lncRNA or circRNA among the studies, attributed to the different sample types, methods, species, and patient classification evaluated in these studies. Although the regulatory mechanisms in which these molecules are involved are not yet well understood, the studies analyzed show their importance in the pathophysiological process of AF, supporting the idea that lncRNAs and circRNAs are involved in miRNA or mRNA regulation in the molecular mechanism of this disease.