High-Quality Queens Produce High-Quality Offspring Queens.

Honey bees, rather than rear queens with eggs and larvae from worker cells, prefer to rear new queens with eggs form queen cells, if available. This may be a result of long-term evolutionary process for honey bee colonies. However, the exact mechanism of this phenomenon is unclear. In this study, queens were reared with eggs from queen cells (F1-QE), eggs from worker cells (F1-WE), and two-day-old larvae from worker cells (F1-2L). Physiological indexes and the expression of the development-related genes (( Hexamerin ( Hex 110, Hex 70b), Transferrin ( Trf ), and Vitellogenin ( Vg )) of reared F1 generation queens were measured and compared. Furthermore, F2 generation queens were reared with one-day-old larvae from F1 queens, and the weight and ovariole count of reared F2 generation daughter queens were examined. Meanwhile, the expression of the development- and reproduction-related genes ( Hex 110, Hex 70b, Trf , Vg , and Juvenile Hormone ( Jh )) and immune detoxication-related genes ( Hymenoptaecin , Abeacin , and Cyt P450) of reared F2 queens were further explored. We found that the F1-QE queens had the highest physiological indexes and higher Hex 110 and Trf expression levels, while no significant difference was found in the expression of Hex 70b and Vg among the three groups of F1 queens. In addition, the reared queens of F2-QE had the highest quality, with the highest development, reproduction, immune-detoxication genes' expression levels. Our results revealed that the quality of reared offspring queens from high-quality mother queens was also high. These findings inform methods for rearing high-quality queens and highlight that a high-quality queen is essential for offspring colony growth and survival.