Responses of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to nitrogen addition: A meta-analysis.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi play important roles in carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycling of terrestrial ecosystems. The impact of increasing N deposition on AM fungi will inevitably affect ecosystem processes. However, generalizable patterns of how N deposition affects AM fungi remains poorly understood. Here we conducted a global-scale meta-analysis from 94 publications and 101 sites to investigate the responses of AM fungi to N addition, including abundance in both intra-radical (host roots) and extra-radical portion (soil), richness and diversity. We also explored the mechanisms of N addition affecting AM fungi by the trait-based guilds method. Results showed that N addition significantly decreased AM fungal overall abundance (-8.0%). However, the response of abundance in intra-radical portion was not consistent with that in extra-radical portion: root colonization decreased (-11.6%) significantly, whereas extra-radical hyphae length density did not change significantly. Different AM fungal guilds showed different responses to N addition: both the abundance (spore density) and relative abundance of the rhizophilic guild decreased significantly under N addition (-29.8% and -12.0%, respectively), while the abundance and relative abundance of the edaphophilic guild had insignificant response to N addition. Such inconsistent responses of rhizophilic and edaphophilic guilds were mainly moderated by the change of soil pH and the response of root biomass, respectively. Moreover, N addition had an insignificant negative effect on AM fungal richness and diversity, which was strongly related with the relative availability of soil P (i.e. soil available N/P ratio). Collectively, this meta-analysis highlights that considering trait-based AM fungal guilds, soil P availability and host plant C allocation can greatly improve our understanding of the nuanced dynamics of AM fungal communities under increasing N deposition.