The Role of the Toll-like Receptor 2 and the cGAS-STING Pathways in Breast Cancer: Friends or Foes?
Chiara CossuAntonino Di LorenzoIrene FiorillaAlberto Maria TodescoValentina AudritoLaura ContiPublished in: International journal of molecular sciences (2023)
Breast cancer stands as a primary malignancy among women, ranking second in global cancer-related deaths. Despite treatment advancements, many patients progress to metastatic stages, posing a significant therapeutic challenge. Current therapies primarily target cancer cells, overlooking their intricate interactions with the tumor microenvironment (TME) that fuel progression and treatment resistance. Dysregulated innate immunity in breast cancer triggers chronic inflammation, fostering cancer development and therapy resistance. Innate immune pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) have emerged as crucial regulators of the immune response as well as of several immune-mediated or cancer cell-intrinsic mechanisms that either inhibit or promote tumor progression. In particular, several studies showed that the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathways play a central role in breast cancer progression. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the role of TLR2 and STING in breast cancer, and we explore the potential to target these PRRs for drug development. This information will significantly impact the scientific discussion on the use of PRR agonists or inhibitors in cancer therapy, opening up new and promising avenues for breast cancer treatment.
Keyphrases
- toll like receptor
- immune response
- inflammatory response
- nuclear factor
- cancer therapy
- small cell lung cancer
- end stage renal disease
- squamous cell carcinoma
- dendritic cells
- healthcare
- breast cancer risk
- oxidative stress
- chronic kidney disease
- poor prognosis
- prognostic factors
- ejection fraction
- staphylococcus aureus
- pseudomonas aeruginosa
- long non coding rna
- skeletal muscle
- gene expression
- mesenchymal stem cells
- risk assessment
- dna methylation
- young adults
- patient reported outcomes
- peritoneal dialysis
- health information
- protein kinase
- insulin resistance
- lymph node metastasis