Ionic homeostasis and redox metabolism upregulated by 24-epibrassinolide are crucial for mitigating nickel excess in soybean plants, enhancing photosystem II efficiency and biomass.

Nickel (Ni) excess often generates oxidative stress in chloroplasts, causing redox imbalance, membrane damage and negative impacts on biomass. 24-Epibrassinolide (EBR) is a plant growth regulator of great interest in the scientific community because it is a natural molecule extracted from plants that is biodegradable and environmentally friendly. This study aimed to determine whether EBR can induce benefits on ionic homeostasis and antioxidant enzymes and convey possible repercussions on photosystem II efficiency and biomass, more specifically evaluating nutritional, physiological, biochemical and morphological responses in soybean plants subjected to Ni excess. The experiment was randomized with four treatments, including two Ni concentrations (0 and 200 μM Ni, described as - Ni 2+ and + Ni 2+ , respectively) and two concentrations of 24-epibrassinolide (0 and 100 nM EBR, described as - EBR and + EBR, respectively). In general, Ni caused deleterious modulatory effects on chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange. In contrast, EBR enhanced the effective quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry (15%) and electron transport rate (19%) due to upregulation of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase. Exogenous EBR application promoted significant increases in biomass, and these results were explained by the benefits on nutrient contents and ionic homeostasis, demonstrated by increased Ca 2+ /Ni 2+ , Mg 2+ /Ni +2 and Mn 2+ /Ni 2+ ratios.