Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors, and Beyond.
Sree M LankaNicholas A ZorkoEmmanuel S AntonarakisPedro C BarataPublished in: Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) (2023)
The therapeutic landscape of several genitourinary malignancies has been revolutionized by the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs); however, the utility of immunotherapies in prostate cancer has been limited, partly due to the immunologically "cold" tumor terrain of prostate cancer. As of today, pembrolizumab is the only immune checkpoint inhibitor approved for the treatment of metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) in a select group of patients with high microsatellite instability (MSI-H), deficient mismatch repair (dMMR), or high tumor mutational burden (TMB). Looking ahead, several combinatorial approaches with ICIs involving radioligands, radiotherapy, PARP inhibitors, interleukin inhibitors, and cancer vaccines are exploring a potential synergistic effect. Furthermore, B7-H3 is an alternative checkpoint that may hold promise in adding to the treatment landscape of mCRPC. This review aims to summarize previous monotherapy and combination therapy trials of ICIs as well as novel immunotherapy combination therapeutic strategies and treatment targets in mCRPC.
Keyphrases
- combination therapy
- prostate cancer
- small cell lung cancer
- squamous cell carcinoma
- dna damage
- radical prostatectomy
- clinical trial
- early stage
- deep learning
- locally advanced
- risk factors
- climate change
- machine learning
- open label
- randomized controlled trial
- replacement therapy
- oxidative stress
- radiation induced
- dna repair
- risk assessment
- artificial intelligence
- smoking cessation