Paralogous translation factors target distinct mRNAs to differentially regulate tolerance to oxidative stress in yeast.

Translation initiation factor 4G (eIF4G) is an integral component of the eIF4F complex which is key to translation initiation for most eukaryotic mRNAs. Many eIF4G isoforms have been described in diverse eukaryotic organisms but we currently have a poor understanding of their functional roles and whether they regulate translation in an mRNA specific manner. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae expresses two eIF4G isoforms, eIF4G1 and eIF4G2, that have previously been considered as functionally redundant with any phenotypic differences arising due to alteration in eIF4G expression levels. Using homogenic strains that express eIF4G1 or eIF4G2 as the sole eIF4G isoforms at comparable expression levels to total eIF4G, we show that eIF4G1 is specifically required to mediate the translational response to oxidative stress. eIF4G1 binds the mRNA cap and remains associated with actively translating ribosomes during oxidative stress conditions and we use quantitative proteomics to show that eIF4G1 promotes oxidative stress-specific proteome changes. eIF4G1, but not eIF4G2, binds the Slf1 LARP protein which appears to mediate the eIF4G1-dependent translational response to oxidative stress. We show similar isoform specific roles for eIF4G in human cells suggesting convergent evolution of multiple eIF4G isoforms offers significant advantages especially where translation must continue under stress conditions.