Mechanism of Zn 2+ and Ca 2+ Binding to Human S100A1.

S100A1 is a member of the S100 family of small ubiquitous Ca 2+ -binding proteins, which participates in the regulation of cell differentiation, motility, and survival. It exists as homo- or heterodimers. S100A1 has also been shown to bind Zn 2+ , but the molecular mechanisms of this binding are not yet known. In this work, using ESI-MS and ITC, we demonstrate that S100A1 can coordinate 4 zinc ions per monomer, with two high affinity (K D ~4 and 770 nm) and two low affinity sites. Using competitive binding experiments between Ca 2+ and Zn 2+ and QM/MM molecular modeling we conclude that Zn 2+ high affinity sites are located in the EF-hand motifs of S100A1. In addition, two lower affinity sites can bind Zn 2+ even when the EF-hands are saturated by Ca 2+ , resulting in a 2Ca 2+ :S100A1:2Zn 2+ conformer. Finally, we show that, in contrast to calcium, an excess of Zn 2+ produces a destabilizing effect on S100A1 structure and leads to its aggregation. We also determined a higher affinity to Ca 2+ (K D ~0.16 and 24 μm) than was previously reported for S100A1, which would allow this protein to function as a Ca 2+ /Zn 2+ -sensor both inside and outside cells, participating in diverse signaling pathways under normal and pathological conditions.