Characterization of a Stress-Enhanced Promoter from the Grass Halophyte, Spartina alterniflora L.

Stress-inducible promoters are vital for the desirable expression of genes, especially transcription factors, which could otherwise compromise growth and development when constitutively overexpressed in plants. Here, we report on the characterization of the promoter region of a stress-responsive gene SaAsr1 from monocot halophyte cordgrass ( Spartina alterniflora ). Several cis -acting elements, such as ABRE (ABA-responsive element), DRE-CRT (dehydration responsive-element/C-Repeat), LTRE (low temperature-responsive element), ERE (ethylene-responsive element), LRE (light-responsive element), etc. contributed at varying degrees to salt-, drought- and ABA-enhanced expression of gusA reporter gene in Arabidopsis thaliana under the full-length promoter, pAsr1 1875 and its deletion derivatives with an assortment of cis -regulatory motifs. The smallest promoter, pAsr1 491 , with three cis -acting elements (a CCAAT box-heat responsive, an LRE, and a copper responsive element) conferred drought-enhanced expression of gusA ; pAsr1 755 (with an ABRE and a DRE) presented the highest expression in ABA and drought; and pAsr1 994 with seven ABREs and two DREs conferred optimal induction of gusA , especially under drought and ABA. Arabidopsis transgenics expressing a known abiotic stress-responsive gene, SaADF2 (actin depolymerization factor 2), under both pAsr1 1875 and p35S promoters outperformed the wild type (WT) with enhanced drought and salt tolerance contributed by higher relative water content and membrane stability with no significant difference between pAsr1 1875 : SaADF2 or p35S: SaADF2 lines. However, pAsr1 1875 : SaADF2 lines produced healthy plants with robust shoot systems under salt stress and control compared to slightly stunted growth of the p35S: SaADF2 plants. This reestablished the evidence that transgene expression under a stress-inducible promoter is a better strategy for the genetic manipulation of crops.