The Lung Microbiota Affects Pulmonary Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Induced by PM 2.5 Exposure.

Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) exposure causes respiratory diseases by inducing inflammation and oxidative stress. However, the correlation between the pulmonary microbiota and the progression of pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress caused by PM 2.5 is poorly understood. This study tested the hypothesis that the lung microbiota affects pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress induced by PM 2.5 exposure. Mice were exposed to PM 2.5 intranasally for 12 days. Then, pulmonary microbiota transfer and antibiotic intervention were performed. Histological examinations, biomarker index detection, and transcriptome analyses were conducted. Characterization of the pulmonary microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that its diversity decreased by 75.2% in PM 2.5 -exposed mice, with increased abundance of Proteobacteria and decreased abundance of Bacteroidota . The altered composition of the microbiota was significantly correlated with pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress-related indicators. Intranasal transfer of the pulmonary microbiota from PM 2.5 -exposed mice affected pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress caused by PM 2.5 , as shown by increased proinflammatory cytokine levels and dysregulated oxidative damage-related biomarkers. Antibiotic intervention during PM 2.5 exposure alleviated pulmonary inflammation and oxidative damage in mice. The pulmonary microbiota also showed substantial changes after antibiotic treatment, as reflected by the increased microbiota diversity, decreased abundance of Proteobacteria and increased abundance of Bacteroidota . These results suggest that pulmonary microbial dysbiosis can promote and affect pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress during PM 2.5 exposure.