Genome-Wide Identification of the Cation/Proton Antiporter (CPA) Gene Family and Functional Analysis of AtrNHX8 under Salt Stress.

Amaranthus tricolor is an important vegetable, and its quality is affected by salt stress. Cation/proton antiporters ( CPA ) contribute to plant development and tolerance to salt stress. In this study, 35 CPA genes were identified from a genome database for A. tricolor , including 9 NHX , 5 KEA , and 21 CPA2 genes. Furthermore, in A. tricolor , the expression levels of most AtrNHX genes were higher at a low salinity level (50 or 100 mM NaCl) than in the control or 200 mM NaCl treatment. Levels of most AtrNHX genes were elevated in the stem. Moreover, AtrNHX8 was homologous to AtNHX4 , which is involved in the regulation of sodium homeostasis and salt stress response. After AtrNHX8 overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana , seed germination was better, and the flowering time was earlier than that of wild-type plants. Additionally, the overexpression of AtrNHX8 in A. thaliana improved salt tolerance. These results reveal the roles of AtrNHX genes under salt stress and provide valuable information on this gene family in amaranth.