Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide secretion after oral macronutrient ingestion: The human literature revisited and a systematic study in model experiments in mice.

Glucose, protein and fat all stimulate GIP secretion in humans and mice. In mice, glucose is more potent than fat and protein, and there is also a synergy between the macronutrients on GIP secretion at moderate caloric doses. Further studies are warranted in humans to explore the relative potency of macronutrients.