Engineered immune cells with nanomaterials to improve adoptive cell therapy.

Cell-based cancer immunotherapy is mainly performed to re-stimulate or boost the anti-tumor immunity by leveraging the anti-tumoral functions of infused cells. Although conventional adoptive cell therapy with T cells and DC vaccines had potentiated the use of ex vivo engineered cells for cancer immunotherapy, these approaches had a low success rate and some off-target side effects. Recent developments on this intervention are adopting nanoengineering to overcome limitations imposed by the environment the therapeutic cells would be in and the natural characteristics of the cells; thus, enhancing the efficacy of therapies. For this purpose, T cells, NK cells, DCs, and macrophages are engineered to either maintain anti-tumoral phenotypes, target tumor efficiently, or improve the innate functionalities and viability.