Multidisciplinary rehabilitation following recreational nitrous oxide (N 2 O) misuse: evaluating service provision and rehabilitation outcomes in a cohort with serious disability.

Purpose: Recreational nitrous oxide (N 2 O) misuse is increasing globally. Chronic misuse can cause neurological impairments that require rehabilitation, though literature characterising rehabilitation is limited. This study aimed to evaluate rehabilitation service provision for impairments resulting from N 2 O misuse. Methods: A retrospective audit of hospitalised patients referred for rehabilitation for N 2 O toxicity was conducted between 2015 and 2022 at a single metropolitan hospital. Data were collected via medical record audit and analysed via descriptive and non-parametric statistics. Results: 16 eligible cases were identified, aged 18-43 years (50% female/male), with increasing case frequency. 12 cases received inpatient rehabilitation episodes for multifactorial sensorimotor, cognitive and psychosocial impairments. Cases articulated diverse rehabilitation goals and received intervention from a median of 6 clinical disciplines. All cases required assistance to mobilise or perform self-care activities on admission. Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scores significantly improved with rehabilitation (median FIM 84[75-93] to 117[112-123], p  < .001). Despite gains in independence, all cases required referral for ongoing rehabilitation post-discharge. Conclusions: Demand for inpatient rehabilitation for disabling N 2 O toxicity appears to be increasing. In this series, cases were young, exhibited serious impairments, and had multidisciplinary rehabilitation needs. Inpatient rehabilitation led to significant functional improvements, though ongoing disability was evident post-discharge.