Carotenoids, retinol, tocopherols, and prostate cancer risk: pooled analysis of 15 studies.
Timothy J KeyPaul N ApplebyRuth C TravisDemetrius AlbanesAnthony J AlbergAurelio BarricarteAmanda BlackHeiner BoeingH Bas Bueno-de-MesquitaJune M ChanChu ChenMichael B CookJenny L DonovanPilar GalanRebecca GilbertGraham G GilesEdward GiovannucciGary E GoodmanPhyllis J GoodmanMarc J GunterFreddie C HamdyMarkku HeliövaaraKathy J HelzlsouerBrian E HendersonSerge HercbergJudy Hoffman-BoltonRobert N HooverMattias JohanssonKay-Tee KhawIrena B KingPaul KnektLaurence N KolonelLoic Le MarchandSatu MännistöRichard M MartinHaakon E MeyerAlison M MondulKristin A MoyDavid E NealMarian L NeuhouserDomenico PalliElizabeth A PlatzCamille PouchieuHarri RissanenJeannette M SchenkGianluca SeveriMeir J StampferAnne TjønnelandMathilde TouvierAntonia TrichopoulouStephanie J WeinsteinRegina G ZieglerCindy Ke ZhouNaomi E Allennull nullPublished in: The American journal of clinical nutrition (2015)
Overall prostate cancer risk was positively associated with retinol and inversely associated with α-tocopherol, and risk of aggressive prostate cancer was inversely associated with lycopene and α-tocopherol. Whether these associations reflect causal relations is unclear.