Immunogenicity Studies of Plant-Produced SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain-Based Subunit Vaccine Candidate with Different Adjuvant Formulations.
Konlavat SiriwattananonSuwimon ManopwisedjaroenBalamurugan ShanmugarajEakachai PrompetcharaChutitorn KetloySupranee BuranapraditkunKittipan TharakhetPapatsara KaewpangKiat RuxrungthamArunee ThitithanyanontWaranyoo PhoolcharoenPublished in: Vaccines (2021)
Due to the rapid transmission of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causing serious public health problems and economic burden, the development of effective vaccines is a high priority for controlling the virus spread. Our group has previously demonstrated that the plant-produced receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 fused with Fc of human IgG was capable of eliciting potent neutralizing antibody and cellular immune responses in animal studies, and the immunogenicity could be improved by the addition of an alum adjuvant. Here, we performed a head-to-head comparison of different commercially available adjuvants, including aluminum hydroxide gel (alum), AddaVax (MF59), monophosphoryl lipid A from Salmonella minnesota R595 (mPLA-SM), and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), in mice by combining them with plant-produced RBD-Fc, and the differences in the immunogenicity of RBD-Fc with different adjuvants were evaluated. The specific antibody responses in terms of total IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a subtypes and neutralizing antibodies, as well as vaccine-specific T-lymphocyte responses, induced by the different tested adjuvants were compared. We observed that all adjuvants tested here induced a high level of total IgG and neutralizing antibodies, but mPLA-SM and poly (I:C) showed the induction of a balanced IgG1 and IgG2a (Th2/Th1) immune response. Further, poly (I:C) significantly increased the frequency of IFN-γ-expressing cells compared with control, whereas no significant difference was observed between the adjuvanted groups. This data revealed the adjuvants' role in enhancing the immune response of RBD-Fc vaccination and the immune profiles elicited by different adjuvants, which could prove helpful for the rational development of next-generation SARS-CoV-2 RBD-Fc subunit vaccines. However, additional research is essential to further investigate the efficacy and safety of this vaccine formulation before clinical trials.
Keyphrases
- sars cov
- immune response
- coronavirus disease
- respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- public health
- clinical trial
- dendritic cells
- early stage
- endothelial cells
- escherichia coli
- toll like receptor
- binding protein
- dengue virus
- mental health
- randomized controlled trial
- adipose tissue
- single cell
- high glucose
- gold nanoparticles
- inflammatory response
- insulin resistance
- deep learning
- induced apoptosis
- cell proliferation
- sensitive detection
- phase iii
- wild type
- high fat diet induced
- optical coherence tomography
- study protocol
- aedes aegypti