The Beginnings of the Canadian Cooperative Clinical Cancer Trials Program and the American Influences, 1962-76.

Clinical cancer research in Canada entered a new phase in 1971. In that year, the National Cancer Institute of Canada agreed to initiate and support a multidisciplinary cooperative clinical trials program. The first collaborative randomized controlled trial (RCT) for the treatment of advanced Hodgkin's disease was launched in medical centres across the country in December 1971. Simultaneously, in the United States, the National Cancer Act came into effect. To what extent were these Canadian and American developments coincidental? I argue that the cooperative clinical trials program in Canada was timed to coincide with the US declaration of war on cancer, but it was not its corollary. Against the background of this American anti-cancer campaign, the cooperative clinical trials program emerged as a link between the strong radiotherapy tradition in Canada and the new trial infrastructure of chemotherapeutic regimes in the United States. The evolution of the Hodgkin's disease trial serves as a good example to demonstrate how growing collaboration among Canadian and American physician-investigators brought about a large-scale national study. The latter became a prototype of further cooperative oncological RCTs in Canada during the 1970s.