The Association Between Chronic Tobacco Smoking and Brain Alterations in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies.

Our findings highlight the need for more longitudinal and exposure-dependent studies to differentiate between inherent neurobiological differences and the (long-term) effects of smoking in SSD, and to unravel the complex interaction between smoking and schizophrenia at various disease stages. This could inform more effective strategies addressing smoking susceptibility in SSD, potentially improving clinical outcomes.